Mohammad Fahiminia; Gharib Majidi; Hamidreza Tashee; Shahram Nazari; Behnam Vakili; Hossein Aghababaee; Vahideh Fahiminia; Ebrahim Abbasi; Hasn Izanloo
Volume 22, Issue 2 , May and June 2015, , Pages 410-418
Abstract
Background: Rural areas of Qom are encountered with problems such as water scarcity, rationing of water in summer and low quality water. The aim of this study was investigation of water consumption pattern, maximum and minimum daily and hourly factors and unaccounted for water in rural areas of Qom and ...
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Background: Rural areas of Qom are encountered with problems such as water scarcity, rationing of water in summer and low quality water. The aim of this study was investigation of water consumption pattern, maximum and minimum daily and hourly factors and unaccounted for water in rural areas of Qom and offering some strategies for optimum management of consumption.
Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive – analytical study. 15 out of 111 rural areas of Qom with certain criteria were selected which were representative of the whole areas. Water consumption pattern was determined in selected rural areas. In order to determine the amount of unaccounted for water and maximum and minimum daily and hourly factors, 3 villages of (Dastgerd, Vrjan and Toghrod) which had safe volumetric flow meters were selected. They were representatives of 15 villages. SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis.
Results: In 15 Rural areas of Qom, average domestically consumption per capita (LPCD), average general uses per capita (LPCD), average industrial and commercial per capita (LPCD) and total consumption per capita (LPCD) were 173, 4.6, 3 and 180.6, respectively. Average minimum and maximum daily factors were equal to 0.72 and 1.23 respectively. Also, average minimum and maximum hourly factors were equal to 0.63 and 2.43, respectively. The average of unaccounted for water per capita was 28.2% (71.6 LPCD).
Conclusion: Average of total consumption per capita (LPCD) and unaccounted for water were high in comparison with the standards of Ministry of Energy. In order to optimize the management of water some strategies are recommended. Strategies such as: training, reduce the water pressure in the network, use of accessories for reducing water consumption, separation of water used in green areas from sanitary uses, identifying, repairing or replacing faulty flow meters, repairing and rehabilitation of water distribution networks and reservoirs and prevention from the creation of illegally connections.
Hasan Izanloo; Seyyed Mostafa Khezri; Gharib Majidi; Aliasghar Al Sheykh; Hamidreza Tashauoei; Mohammad Khazaee; Behnam Vakili; Vahid Vaziri rad; Hossein Aghababaee; Shahnaz Arsang Jang
Volume 21, Issue 6 , January and February 2015, , Pages 1194-1204
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was surveying the trends of nitrate variations in drinking water of rural areas of Qom province and its mapping using GIS software.
Materials and Methods: This study was of descriptive cross-sectional type. The collected data related to nitrate concentrations during ...
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Background: The purpose of this study was surveying the trends of nitrate variations in drinking water of rural areas of Qom province and its mapping using GIS software.
Materials and Methods: This study was of descriptive cross-sectional type. The collected data related to nitrate concentrations during years 2006-2011 were acquired from Qom Province Rural Water and Wastewater Company. During the year 2012, 73 wells were tested via two sampling runs; one sampling set performed in wet season and the other one carried out in the dry season. Nitrate concentrations were determined spectrophotometric ally. The Chi-squared test and segmented regression model were used for data analysis. Four software’s, namely, Excel-2007, SPSS-16 and Joinpoint-4.1, were used for data mapping and analysis.
Results: The average nitrate concentration during 2006-2012 period was 23.12 mg/L with the standard deviation of 18.68 mg/L. 7.5% and 4.9% of the surveyed wells were “at risk” and “contaminated”, respectively. Regression results indicated a lack of sufficient statistical evidence to accept an increasing trend of nitrate during the study period (P value=0.85). There was no significant difference in the contamination averages between the results of two sample sets which were taken during each year. During the beginning of 2006 to the beginning of 2013, an increasing trend of nitrate concentration was observed in the contaminated wells.
Conclusion: In the majority of monitored wells, the nitrate concentration was in the standard range. In the “at risk” wells and also in the others, the concentrations were beyond the standard levels. Therefore, Management approaches should be applied to avoid the nitrate penetration into the aquifers.
Behnam Vakili; Vahid Vazirirad; Hoseein Aghababaee; Gharib Majidi; Shahram Nazari; Mohammad Khazaee; Hamidreza Tashyiee; Mohammad Ahmamado Jabali; Hasan Izanlou
Volume 21, Issue 5 , September and October 2014, , Pages 925-933
Abstract
Background: This laboratory experiment was aimed of to investigate the antibacterial effect of Polypropylenimine-G2 (PPI-G2) and Polyamidoamine-G4 (PAMAM-G4) dendrimers on Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis.
Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of PPI-G2 and ...
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Background: This laboratory experiment was aimed of to investigate the antibacterial effect of Polypropylenimine-G2 (PPI-G2) and Polyamidoamine-G4 (PAMAM-G4) dendrimers on Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis.
Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of PPI-G2 and PAMAM-G4 dendrimers were inoculated onto Blank disks and were placed in Mueller-Hinton agar media. Zone of inhibition was investigated by bacterial inoculation according to the McFarland standard 0.5. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PPI-G2 and PAMAM-G4 dendrimers were determined by Micro-dilution method in nutrient broth culture.
Results: Zone of inhibition in concentration 500 μg/ml of PPI-G2 dendrimers for Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 25, 15 and 20mm, respectively. Zone of inhibition in concentration 500 μg/ml of PAMAM-G4 dendrimers for Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 20, 18 and 0mm, respectively. The MIC of PPI-G2 dendrimer for Klebsiella oxytoca and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 5 μg/ml. Also, the MIC of PPI-G2 dendrimer for Proteus mirabilis was 50 μg/ml. The MBC of PPI-G2 dendrimer for Klebsiella oxytoca was 50 μg/ml and it was 500 μg/ml for Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC of PAMAM-G4 dendrimer attributed to Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis were reported 500 and 1250 μg/ml, respectively. The MBC of PAMAM-G4 dendrimer belonged to Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis were 1250 and 2500 μg/ml, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results, PPI-G2 dendrimers can eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis effectively but PAMAM-G4 only has antibacterial effect against Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis. Also the antibacterial activity of PPI-G2 dendrimer is obviously better than those of PAMAM-G4. However, using dendrimers can be considered as a new approach for drinking water disinfection but it requires further wide range studies.
Reza Barati Reshvanloo; Abbas Rezaee; Hoshyar Hosseini; Hamidreza Tashyiee
Volume 21, Issue 4 , September and October 2014, , Pages 693-701
Abstract
Background: High nitrate concentration in water resources can create some diseases such as methemoglobinemia in children and environmental problems like eutrophication. Nowadays, different biological methods have developed for nitrate removal from water resources. This study aimed to examine ammonium ...
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Background: High nitrate concentration in water resources can create some diseases such as methemoglobinemia in children and environmental problems like eutrophication. Nowadays, different biological methods have developed for nitrate removal from water resources. This study aimed to examine ammonium nitrogen removal via modified integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) using multiwall carbon nanotubes.
Materials and Methods: The experiments were performed to evaluate efficiency of modified IFAS using carbon nanotube in laboratory scale with continues form. The effect of multiwall carbon nanotubes on sufficiency of process with retention time and ammonium concentration was studied.
Results: The results showed that applied multiwall carbon nanotubes in modified IFAS can lead to an acceleration in primary sludge production and ammonium removal from low and middle concentrations wastewater.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, utilizing the multiwall carbon nanotubes as medium in an IFAS can improve the efficiency of the system for ammonium removal.